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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF 
FORESTRY 



PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST 

ACADEMY 



MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA. 



TWENTIETH YEAR— 1922-1923 



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BULLETIN 25 



APRIL, 192S 



GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner 



PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF 

FORESTRY 



PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST 

ACADEMY 



MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA. 



TWENTIETH YEAR— 1922-1923 



BULLETIN 25 



APRIL, 1922 



GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner 



1. 







LIBRARY OF CpNG'<K'^S 

RECEIVED \ 

OCT 5 1922 



f^OCUMENT*^ 



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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF 

FORESTRY 



STATE FOREST COMMISSION 

GIFFORD PINCHOT, 

EDWARD BAILEY 

HENRY W. SHOEMAKER 

MARY FLINN LAWRENCE (Mrs. John W.) 



GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner of Forestry. 
ROBERT Y. STUART, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry 



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FOKEWOKD. 



The I'ennsj'lvania J)('parniiciit of Forestry luis uii(lon;ikrn the 
huge task of restoring the fore.sts of the t^tale to tlieir oviginal pro- 
ductive condition. Penn's Woods formerly yielded alnindant revenue 
to the owners, steady work f(>r the wage earners, and healthful living 
conditions to all. Cheap lumber, pure water supply, stream regula- 
tions, and the prevention of erosion are among the bcuelits the forest 
brings. 

To develop the forest land purchased by the State, trained fores- 
ters were needed, and as no institution in the Stnte could or would 
furnish them, the State Forest Academy was organized twenty yeara 
ago to meet the emergencj'. The State now holds alnutst a million 
and a cpiarter acres of forest 'and and should aeijuire five million 
more. 

This announcement for the 2i)th year is miide to the jieople of Penn- 
sylvania U) inform them of (he pi-ogress and standing of the Aeademy 
and to besjieak their hearty cooperation in the restoration of the 
forests of the State. It is not an extravagant claim to say that the 
safety and pi-ospei'ity of the entire State hinge on the sm-cess or fail- 
ure of this movement. 



G 



THE FACULTY. 

Edwin Allen Ziegler, A. M, 

Director and Professor of Forestry, 

Willard M. Drake, A. B., M. S. F. 
Professor of Forestry. 

George S. Perry, B. F. 

Professor of Forestry. 

Coleman J. Harris, A. M., M. S. 
Professor of Biology. 

Koland W. Brown, B. S. 

Professor of Soils and Chemistry. 

W. Harold Horning, B. F. 

Assistant Professor of Forestry. 

Louis C. Loetzer, B. F. 

Instructor in Forest^^^ 



SPECIAL LECTURES. 

Special courses such as fish and game, and first aid will be given 
by special lecturers. 

In addition an opportunity is given the studtmts to hear special 
lectures on forestry, botanical and other subjects. Among these special 
lecturers will be: 

Hon. Gifford Pinchot, Commissioner of Forestry. 

Dr. John W. Harshberger, University of Pennsylvania. 

Dr. O. E. Jennings, University of Pittsburgh. 

Mr. K. S. Kellog, Secretary, American Newsprint Associa- 
tion. 

Mr. John Foley, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad. 

Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, Pennsylvania State Forest 
Commissioner. 

Mr. J. S. lUick, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. 

Specialists from U. S. Forest Service, and Pennsylvania 
Forest Service. 



SCHOOL CALENDAR, 1922-1923. 



Jamuiry o. 1D22 Christmas vacation j'tkIs. 

January 17-21, 1922 First term examinations. 

Jan. 23, 1922 iSecond term begins. 

February 22. 1922 Washington's Birthday. 

May 30, 1922 Memorial Day. 

June 12-17, 1922 Second term examinations. 

June 22-23. 192i' Competitive Scholarship Kxaminations. 

June 19, 1922 Summer session begins. 

July 4, 1922 Indeitendence Day. 

Auirust 3. 1922 Commencement Exercises. 

August 4, 1922 Summer session ends, 

September 5, 1922 Fall term begins. 

November :;i>. 1922 Thanksgiving Da>. 

December 15, l'.>22 Clnistmas vacation begins. 

January 2, 1923, Christmas vacation ends. 

.lanuary 15-20, 1923 Tirst term examinations. 

.lauuary 22. 1!>2."> Second term begins. 

February 22, 192^'. Washington's Birthday. 

May 'Ml 1923 Memorial l>ay. 

.luiif 1 1 Hi. 1923 Si'cond teiiii examinations. 

• hnif 21 22. 1!>2,''. Ciunpetitive scludarship examinations. 

.Funo IS, 1923 Summci- session begins. 

.lulv 1. 192.'i independence Day. 

August 2. 192.". Summer s«'ssion ends. 

Sej.lember •>. 192:! Fall <<•''>' begins. 



8 



ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY. 

As early as 1876, in an address before the recently organized Ameri- 
can Forestry Association at Philadelphia, jBurnett Landreth pointed 
out the necessity of teaching forestry as a science in itself and not 
as a branch of agriculture. From that time, throughout the period of 
agitation and public education which preceded the foundation of the 
Department of Forestry there continued frequent references to the 
necessity of such a separate course, or, better still, of a ,sep>arate 
school devoted to the teaching of forestry. The European Forest 
Schools were considered as models, but all recognized the necessity 
of adapting such a school to American needs and conditions. This 
agitation was especially strong in the years 'of 18SS and 1889. During 
1889 the trustees of the Univorsity of Pennsylvania established a 
Chair of forestrj^ to be filled as soon as funds became available, but 
the Chair was never filled. 

Because of the slow growth of public sentiment in favor of Forestry, 
particularly among forest owners, no constructive steps were taken 
towards the establishment of a technical forestry course until about 
the year 1900. In issues of "Forest Leaves," in 1901 and 1902, are 
found several articles dwelling on the necessity of trained men to 
do forestry work upon the large areas of land (which were rapid! V 
passing into the control of the Department of Forestry. Dr. J. T. 
Rothrock, then Commissioner of Forestry, took the land in this move- 
ment. Endeavors were made to have scientific cources in forestry 
added to the University of Pennsylvania or to Pennsylvania State 
College. These schools Vefusel at that time to undertake the work. 
Appreciating the actual need of men and realizing the gTeat advan- 
tages of a practical school connected with actual forcKt work, Dr. 
Rothrock decided to establish such a school under the control of the 
Department of Forestry and locate it upon a State Forest. 

In the sipring of 1902, Geo. H. Wirt, a Biltmore graduate, was sent 
to Mont Alto to take charge of the property recently purchased from 
the Mont Alto Iron Co., and to establish a forest nurser-y. Although 
the legislature of 1901 had refused to adopt Dr. iRothrock's plans, 
he felt sure that two years would find a change in sentiment, and, as 
a preliminary measure fbur men were sent to help Mr. Wirt and get 
some instruction in forestry. In January, 1903, Paul E. Arnold, &. 
German forester, and graduate of the famous Tharandt Foresi 
Academy in Saxony, was added to the teaching force. By act of May 
13, 1903, the school was formally established and plans were macle 
for the entrance of the first class.' The Forestry Keservation Commis- 
sion had, however, previously adopted, on June 4, 1902, a curriculum 
and plan of work submitted by Mr. Wirt for the forest school then in 
his charge. ' 

The original idea was that the students admitted should be com- 
posed of young men from the wooded districts with practical woods 
experience, and the first class was partly composed of such men. It 
was soon recognized that these men v/ere often unable to do the men- 
tal work required in a study of scientific forestry and the entrance 
requirements were made strictly competitive with both physique and 
mental ability entering into the test. This plan was adhered to up to 
19'20, when non-scholarship students were admitted on proofl of 
standard college entrance preparation. 

9 



At first tliere was some thought of moving the school to the Cale- 
donia purchase {as possessing better facilities, but this was finally 
given up and the administrative buildings of theiold furnace at Mont 
Alto were utilized for the school. These were far from being ideal, 
and consequently the school was materially handicapped until ,1908, 
when ground was broken for the first of the present group of modcn 
buildings. 



LOCATION. 



The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is located about one mile 
from Mont Alto, a village in Franklin County, which is sixty miles 
southwest of Harrisburg on the 'Cumberland Valley Division P. K. R 
The ground occupied by tlie school buildings is a part of the Mont 
Alto State Forest, Avhich affords an opportunity for practical instruc- 
tion and experimentation, equalled hj few, it any, American forest 
schools. Onn of the foremost forestry educators of the United States 
called the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, because of its ex- 
.ccllent location, ''the gem of American forest s,chools". The situation 
is healthful and the school is supplied with water from a sipring lo- 
cated in the interior of ;the 28,000 acre forest. To the west of the 
school lies the Cumberland A'alley whie-h is regai-ded as one of the 
garden spots of Pennsylvania, and nearbj^ are some of the most scien- 
tifically managed apple and peach orchards of the State. 

The forest location of the school stands in strong contrast Avilh 
those in larger cities and college towns. Such a situation has advtin- 
tages which nmke it not only attractive but also convenient for the 
study and practice of forestry in the forest throughout the year. 
It enables the student to studv forestrv rather than about f()restr^'. 



BUILDINGS. 



Thirteen buildings comprise the Academy group. Weistling Hall 
the oldest of the buildings, is a large three stoi-j' structure and iwas 
formerly the residence of 'Col. George B. Wiestling, a member of the 
first Forestr}'^ Commission of Pennsylvania. This building has recently 
been remodeled and is now used ais an administration building. It 
also contains the dining room, kitchen, and quarters for the matron 
and servants. 

The Main Building was erected in 1908-09. It is the largest build- 
ing of the group and constructed of a very attractive native quart- 
zite. On the second floor of this building are comfortable living rooms 
for all the students. The first floor is devoted to class rooms, labora- 
tories, and the library. In the basement are a recreation room, a 
wood specimen room, and a furnace room. The building is supplied 
with steam heat, illuminatcid with electricity, and furnished with nec- 
essary toilet rooms and lavatories. 

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A double cottage^ ocoiipiod by the Director and another member of 
the faculty, was built in 1911. Three other single cottages are occu- 
pied by instructors or are available for their use. Other buildings, 
such as machine shop, log lodge, gj'uinasium, sawmill, wagon shed, 
stable, and seed storage house dot the campus. 

CAMPUS 

A spacious and attractive campus surrounds the school buildings. 
Upon it are many native and exotic trees and shrubs. The most dis- 
tinctive and impressive features of the campus are the massive Black 
and White Oak trees which are remnants of the original forest and 
bear mute evidence of many vicissitude^s during lan existence of more 
than two centuries. Amidst these stately trees are carefully laid out 
drives and walks, and ia meandering brook of pure mountain water. 
Overlooking all mis picturesqueness is the productive and carefully 
managed Mont Alto State Forest. 



FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION. 

The facilities at Mont Alto for instruction in forestry compare 
favorably with any -in America. The laboratory equipment is modern 
and comiplete. The s'chool forest, nursei'y, and arboretum are easily 
accessible and afford object lessons which cover a wide range of for- 
estry 'problems. The proximity of the school to its out-door working 
field economizes much time which would otherwise be spent on the 
road. 

The biological, chemical, and soil laboratories are adequately 
equipped with modern appliances and fully stocked with necessary 
working material. 

Numerous collections have been prepared and are available for 
demonstrating lectures, laboratory work, and si>ecial investigations. 
A herbarium of more than 4,000 specimens of native and exotic woody 
and herbaceous plants is carefully classified and available for study 
purposes. A collection of forest tree fruitss, seeds, and seedlings is in 
progress. Typical specimens of wood destroying and parasitic tree 
fungi are on exhibition in a -small museum. Many species of foresu 
insects have been collected and specimens of their work are availabL' 
for study and demonstration purposes. 

In the basement of the main building is a room 16 x 60 feet contain- 
ing a collection of all the important commercial woods tof the United 
State and some foreign woods. These woods are used in the course 
in Wood Identification. 

A collection of tools, instruments, and machines used in lumbering, 
silvicultural operations, protective work, and mensuration exercises 
is in progress, it contains planting hammers, fire torches, firei rakes, 
bnish hooks and other implements designed by Pennsylvania and 
other American foresters. It also embraces rei^resentative European 
instruments. 

The school is adequately equipped with the best and most practical 
instruments required in the practice of forestry. The surveying equip- 

13 




Students Identifying Trees. 




Counting and Bundling Seedlings in the Forest Academy Nursery. 




An Exercise in Forest Mensuration. 



tnent is complete and up to date. The forest mensuration equipment 
comprises the best types of American and representative European 
calipers, hypsometers, incj^ement borers, xylometers, chains, tapes, 
and other necessary instruments. 

The library comprises all the standard texts on fore.stry in the Eng- 
lish language and many publicationsdniforeigUi tongues. All the prin- 
cipal forestry periodicals and representative lumber, trade, and tech- 
nical journals are received regularly and filed systematically for fu- 
ture references. 

A large collection lof carefully selected charts and photographs 
covering all iphases of forestal activities, is available for use and fur- 
nisher the best kind of illustrative material for class work. Lantera 
slides, covering the major forest operations and typical forest condi- 
tions are in stock and are used to illustrate clas^swork. 

]-'or field work in forestry the vicinity of Mont Alto offers unsur- 
passed facilities. The latitude and topography favor a rich flora. It 
is the (meeting ground of northern and southern species. The northern 
follow the mountains towards the South ,and the southern extend 
northward through the valleys. Within one mile of the school build- 
ings occur more than 100 species of native woody plants and many in- 
troduced species. The richness of the local woody and herbaceous 
flora and its proximity to the school make it possible and practical 
to give the major .part of the instruction in Tree Identification and 
Systematic Botany in the forest and nearby field without spending 
an excessive amount of time on the road. 

A five-minutes walk from the school brings one to a forest numery 
with an annual capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings. It is well equipped 
with modern nurseiy appliances, and in it the students learn, not by 
genqral observation but by actual work, nursei-y practice from the 
preparation and sowing of seed beds to the packing and shipping of 
seedlings and transplants. 

The Mont Alto State Forest has been under careful and business- 
like management for the past seventeen years. It is dotted with plan- 
tations, experimental sample plots, improvement cuttings, fire towers, 
and ranger stations, ramified by road^ and trails, covered with fire, 
compartment, and telephone lines, and partly divided into blocks, 
compartments, and stands. The plantations contain many dift'erent 
species of trees ranging in^ge from 1 to 19 years and cover an aggre- 
gate area of over GOO acres. Improvement cuttings have been made 
annually since the creation of the forest. A study of the effect of light, 
medium, and heavy thinnings has been in progress for five years. 
One steel and two wooden towers have been erected at commanding 
lookout points. They and the ranger^s houses are connected with the 
forester's headquarters by a state owned metallic circuit telephone 
system, whose aggregate length is more than 26 miles. 

The utilization operations are among the most interesting and in- 
structive on the forest. Fuelwood, posts, and poles are harvested on 
a large scale. A state-owned portable sawmill, stave mill, shingle mill, 
and lath mill are operated on the forest. The students, as a part of 
their course in Lumbering \\'ork upon these mills and learn to handle 
the different positions from felling the trees and firing the boiler to 
head sawer and timber scaler. Briefly, the students are kept in con- 
stant contact with all the operations of a forest business, and are 
taught the best and most efficient methods of handling a forest prop- 
erty both by preccipt and practice. 



SPECIAL LECTURES. 

The faciiKy ari*aii<ies annually a conisc of free lectures. These in- 
structive and helpliil talks are given to the students hy men of promi- 
nence in subjects allied to forestry. They cover travel, histoi'y, civics, 
literature, lirst aid, wood craft, i>ers()nal lieallli. and other timely 
topics. 



PURPOSE. 



The purpose of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is to pre- 
pare thoroughly trained foresters for the service of the State in its 
forests. The duties of a forester in the employ of the State require a 
thorough training and apprenticeship in actual woods Avork. besides 
the usual school studies in lorestiy, the sciences, and a number of 
cultural subjects. The forester must have an equipment covering the 
surveying and mapi)iiig of his 1"oi-est ; the growing of trees and tiieiv 
proper nuinagemeni from planting, through thinning, to linal logging 
and Kawing ; the protection of the forest from its arch-enemy, the for- 
est fire, as well as from insects, disease, and trespass ; the buibling 
and improvement of the forest roads, trails, lire lines, telephone lines, 
and the lire towers; the estimation of timber and the calcuiaiiou of its 
growth, value, and linancial returns; the directing of labor; the keep- 
ing of records and accounts; and ,some knowledge of business and 
forest law. This requires an underlying training in inathematics. 
botany, /oology, cliemiistry, pliy.sics, geology, and soils, as well as his- 
tory, language and economics. 

The i)ractical application of this training is the large feature of the 
school, for the entire course niav be said to be given in the TO, (K)() acres 
of the Mont Alto and Michaux State i'orcsts in which the school is 
located. All the activities of the forester are followed in the woods 
fi-()m I lie growing of trees from seed in i1k| nursery, to the grind- 
ing of the forest student's own axe, the cutting of undesirable trees 
into cordwood, and the mature trees into vsaw-logs, as well as their 
Miaiiufaclure into lumber, lath, staves, and shingles on the sdiool 
mills; from the day and night lighting of forest iires and the juck and 
shovel building of roads to the i)reparation of a thorough working 
plan loi' a sjx'cilicd tract of I'orest land. 

lint beyond ajl this technical training, ilie school aims to develop 
men who love the forest, for a succes.sful forcwter must look upon the 
forest as more than a mere clumj) or ccdlection of trees. lie must see 
in it a conqtlcx communily or society of living things ;uid be on a 
speaking a(<|uainlani i' wilh iliem all. lie sJHiiild know the wild ani- 
mals, birds, ])lants, ai»d rocks so well lliai lie linds interest in them. 
A good forester slnnild not be lonesome in I lie lorest. but iustea«i lind 
(•onlinuous contentinenl in his extensive onl-door laboratory. 

Last, but not li-ast, the school aims to gratlnaUr men w ln) love the 
pi'ople of the forest, if not for what they a.iv, at lea.st Ilor what he 
hopes they will become. .V I'oriv-ster must be a man of "jiarts wiih whom 
the i»eople (d" the fores! conimunilies nre glad to asscM-iaie. willing 
to do (irdinary business on a icIialMc ii.isi>. ;mmI <lis( nsv ,.\iT\day pi-oh 
lems with interest and benelit. 



ADMINISTRATION. 

The control of the school is vested by legislative enactment in the 
Commissioner of Forestry. The pedagogical supervision and imme- 
diate government is delegated to a Director and school faculty. 



FACILITIES FOR RECREATION. 

The stiKlent body maintains an athletic association. Athletic con- 
tests are not engaged in so extensively as at some other educational 
institutions because the students obtain sufficient physical exercise 
in their field work which takes them out 'of door^i at" iiequent iintei"- 
vals during the entire year. A baseball diamond, a double tennis court, 
a billiard table, and gymnastic equipment are available for use. 

Basket-ball is the most popular game. It is e^!^)ecially adapted to a 
small student body and engaged iii driring the winter when field trips 
and forest exercises are few i]i nundjer and of short duration. ;The 
schedule comprises games witli normal schools and small colleges. 

Hunting and fishing are among the mo-:st popular sports. The Mont 
Alto .and Michaux State Forests of 70,000 acres and adjoining forest 
j>rqperties and abandoned fields afford excellent and convenient hunt- 
ing grounds. Within the forest is a game refuge of 2,000 acres in 
>vhich wild animals and game birds are propagated systematically. 
Deer, opossums, raccoons, wood chucks, squirrels, rabbits, pheasants, 
and quail are plentifid, and wild turkeys and foxes, are occasionallv 
seen. It is not unusual to see a herd of fifteen deer, and occasionally a 
herd of 25 and in one instance 31 have been observed. In spring time 
troutfishing offers an enjoyable form of recreation. The nearby moun- 
tain streams are numerous and well stocked. 

Many points of historic interest are the objectives of week-end 
walking trips. Among these may be mentioned the Gettysburg aiid 
Antietam battlefields. President Buchanan's birthplace, and Pen Mar, 
a .summer resort located on a high mountain at a point crossed by 
the Mason and Dixon line. Walks to local high points and command- 
ing lookout towers are frequently scheduled. On the Mont Alto forest 
are one steel and two Avooden towers 50 feet in height, affording ex- 
cellent Views of the extensive timbered mountain slopes and the fer- 
tile Cumberland Valley, which is Surpassed in Pennsylvania only by 
the Lancaster Valley in its agricultural capacity. 



FOREST CLUB. 



The I\othrock Forest Club is a student organization named in 
honor of Dr. J. T. Rotlirock, the founder of the school and for many 
years the leader of the forestry movement in Pennsylvania, and in the 
United States. The meetings are held in Log Lodge, a commodious 
log building finished in southern yellow pine and heated by a spa- 
cious fire-place. The program of the meetings is similar to that of 
literary societies at other educational institutions. The club -is 
also the'ageuc}^ through which the students are introduced' to prom- 
inent men in forestry and other professions. "" 

17 



SCHOOL YEAR. 

The scliool yoar is (]ivi(le<l into the fii-fst iiml second tenn.'j and the 
suninier session. The fii-st term liejfins on tlie first Tuesday of Sep- 
tenilier and e.xtends to the latter part of .Tannary. The second tenn 
l)('i:iiis the last mccU in -laniiaiy and extends to llie middle of .Tnne. 
The snnimei- session hej^ins immediately upon the termination of the 
second tenn and extends to the early part of Anjjnst. when a fonr 
weeks recess begins. 

A two weeks recess during the ('hiislnias Holidays is jnovided eadi 
yea.r. I'our weeks in Ai)ril and 3Iay are devoted entirely to j. Uniting 
and nursery work. The school year tlius covers 4(5 weeks. This is 
a considerahlv heavier course than is given in anv other fonr-TL'ar 
forestry school in the T'uited States. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION. 

The geiuMal icquirenuMits foi- entrance to lliis sclnxd are as follows: 

1 . Applicants for admission to the r"'reshnian class must be at 
least 17 years of age and must submit to the J^irector of tiie 
School proper testimonials of a good moral character. 

2. livery applicant for a<lmission shall liave completed a 4 year 
High School course or satisfactory equivalent. 

.'!. Students desiring to enter A\ith advanced standing must pre- 
sent proj»erly signed cei-tificates from other eolleges cover- 
ing the subjects i)ui-sned at such institutions. 

4. Students must enter at the beginning of the fall term and 
not latei- than September J!), IDl'L', unless they have advanced 
staiuling to cover the work done by the classes they wish to 
enter. 



SPECIFIC SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREMENTS: 

The scholarshrf_) re<piired of all applicants Cor entranci' to the I-'resh- 
maii class is evidence ol" thorougii preparatioJi in fifteen units of 
lligii School work or its eipiivalent . A unit ol High School Avork 
is the amount of work re|tresented by five recitations a week for a 
school year of at least eight months or a minimum of Hid hours of 
iccitation wiuk or c(pii\alcnt lal»oi-a1ory work. 

'IMie i-c(|uirc(l units for enti'ance to the Freshman clas:!! are sis fol- 
lows: 

Fuglish :> I nits 

.Mai licnial ics i lllrni. Algebra, riaiic ( icnnn't ry 

.\d\anced .Mcgcbra. Solid <!eomclry '•' Fnits 

Science (P»otany. IMiysics. ('hemi-^lry. I'iiysical 

< ;cogra|»hy ; etc., » 1 Init 

Histoiv I Fnit 



8 



1« 



The elective units to make up a total of 15 should be selected tiovi 
the following subjects: 

English 

Language, other than English 

Mathematics. 

Histon-. 

Science. 

Civics. 

Vocational Subjects. 
The number of units to be allowed will be determined by the Direc- 
tor of the Academy. If students do not maintain the scholarship 
standards of the school, they will be dropj)ed. 

Application Forms: 

Each applicant is required to submit a proi>erly executed a\pplica-' 
tion for admission. Application form may be obtained from the 
Director, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Franklin County, Pa, 

State Scholarships: 

The State Department of Forestry offers not to exceed ten four- 
year scholarships annually. The candidates -for these scholarships 
miist be "Citizens of Pennsylvania, not less than 17 or more than 25 
years of age on the first day of September of the year of entrance, 
must be physically sound as shown by physical examination and must 
take a mental examination in Scholarship which overs the following 
branches: English (Grammar, Composition and Rhetoric); United 
States History; Civil Government; Arithmetic with special emphasis 
on Mensuration, Interest, Proportion, and Progression; Algebra (com- 
plete High School Algebra) ; Plane Geometry, and Biology (including 
Human Physiolog}')". 

The examinations for 1922 Avill be held on June 22 and 23 at Har- 
risburg. Candidates Avill report at the Department of Forestrv, 
Capitol Building, 9 to 12 A. M. June 22. 

The mental examination will begin at 1 :oO p. m. June 22 and will 
be completed June 23 by 2:00 p. m. The examination is held by a 
selected committee of high school teachers "vvho correct and gi'ade 
the papers. 

The highest ten men who pass the examinations are assiigned to 
certain State forests for six weeks practical w,ork beginning Julv 
1 for instruction and observation, during which their attitude towai d 
and their fitness for the work of a forester is determined. Those 
who prove satisfactory in this work will be offered the scholarships 
by the Commissioner of Forestiw. During this field-test applicants 
will pay transportation charge to and from the forest to which jthcy 
are assigned and the Department will pay their board and lodging. 
Camping may be required . 

Conditions of Scholarships: 

After appointment each scholarship student must furiiish ])!9nd of 
$500 that he will complete the four year course and remain jn the 
State Forest Service, in case his services are needed, for three years 
at such salar}' as the department may reasoiiably offer. C*i its 
part the State Department of Forestry contracts to provide the 
student, free of charge, the following for the four jea.i' course: tuition, 
board, room, heat, light, stationery and j)lain washing. 

19 . 



Vvvr 


1150 


Free 


.fiT.:; 


253 


(I 


!)■-' 


!»J 


fck 


;',.•■) 


35 


.f35 


'S.> 


23 


Free 


i'.~) 


25 


2."") 


HI 


10 


Ill 


5 


5 


.") 



Estimated Minimum Expenses Per Year: 

XoD-sclitilarsliii) Scliular.sliiii 
stiulents. students. 

Outside 
Pen nil. State 

'I'liilion 

Hoard. IC weeks (n f5j/2 
K'ddiii. riiniislie<l, heal. Iij;li1, 
4(i weeks. ((t'$- 
Itooks and luslruuients 
l.aundrv. I(> weeks @ .50 
Forestry Clul., Atlilelic & Soeial 
ICxpenscs on Held ^K; Iiispeetion lri[)s Id 
Dejjosit liieakage 

<'lolliiiiji'. ])ersonal and travllinir expenses ai'c inii)(>s>sil»le to 
generalize. 

Stndents rsin^ school hnindi-\ will ju-ovid'' ihenischcs with 
led woven laundry marks giving- lull name. (Order 'oefore enterinjji; 
(rom Book-Kooni, Forest Academy). 

Deposit: 

>\'lM'n a slndcnl cntci-s the Academy he ninsi make a deposit 
of f5 v»'itli the Director, against whicli will he ehaijicd all ilems of 
unnecessary, careless, or wilful hreaka«j:e or damajiic to Stale ju-operty. 
^^'henever deposit is lowered by reason of char<;es against it, the stu 
dent will be re(iuired to inci-ease the deposit at tlie Iwtjinniuji; of each 
scliool year to the full amount of ^•*. At the time of graduation there 
will be relnrne(] to him whatever balanc(> may remain to his credit. 

Degree : 

r'orllie satisfactory completion of the Inll I'MM' yi mrs course as 
prescribed, the degree of liachelor of F(uestry is conferred. 



COURSE OF STUDY. 

Freshman Year, 
i'iist TeiiM. Second Term. 

\nud;er Credit Nund.er Cretlit 

of Subject. Iiouis. of Sniiject. hours, 
course. course. 

11 r.oiany 4 I L' i'.'.iany I 

18 Chemistry 3 lH chemistry 3 

!•' I lllcmetiiaiy I'oresti-y - "-"J iMawintj I 
1 l-nglish ."'. 1' •_' Eleineiitary Forestry U 

:'. I .(lernian <i|- l"i-ench L* '■'•'> Cerman oi' l'""rem'h Ll 

L'l .M:,lliematics I '_' laiglivh :; 

■J7 "f'-ucks \ .Mechanics L' L'.'! I'lane Surxcyinj^ I 

L'!l Physics * 3 

128 Shop 1 

JO 



Summer Session. 



1 *> 


Botany 


2 








(; 


SilvJciiltuiT 


2 








• > 


Forest Mensuration 


2 










Sophomore Year. 








First Term. 






Second Term. 




u 


Botany 


•> 


F 10 


Dendrology 


3 


20 


Chemistrv 


• > 


4 


English 


•> 




English 


•> 


37 


German or Frencli 


o 


32 


Geology 




31 


Meteorology 


2 


36 


German or Freiu-]i 


■) 


33 


Soils 


3 


38 


(Elect) Pa. History 


1 


25 


Surveying 


2 


30 


Physics 


• ( 


15 


Zoology 


o 


24 


Surveying 


-1 


F 4 


Forest Mensuration 


o 

.-J 



Summer Session. 



F 11 Dendrology 
F 5 Forest Mensuration 
20 Forest Map 



o 



F 
F 
F 
F 
F 
F 



First Term. 

5 Accounting 

12 Dendrology 

19 Forest Engineering 

13 '' Entomology 
15 " I'rotection 

20 Mecli. Properties wo' 
7 Silviculture 

17 Wood Alorpliology 

10 Zoology 



3 








Junior 


Year. 


Second Term. 




1 


8 


Business Law 


f) 


2 


F 18 


Forestry History 


•J 




F 14 


Forest Pathology 


•> 


•> 


6 


General Economics 


4 


') 


F 22 


Lumbering 


4 


d. 2 


F 8 


Silviculture 


3 




F 21 


Wood Identification 


■1 











F 23 Logging k Milling 



Summer Camp. 



Senior Year. 



First Term. 
Forest Er-onomics 
& Policy 
Forest Finance 
Forest RegulatioTi 
Game Propagation 
General Economics 



F 9 Silviculture 

F 24 Wood Utilization 

F 30 Seminar 



F 


25 


F 


20 


F 


10 




9 




7 






4 



10 
F 29 

F 28 
F 27 
F 17 

F 31 
F 32 



Second Term. 

Fish Propagation 2 

Forest Administration 3 

'' Appraisal 3 

" Laws 3 

" Organization & 

Working Plans 4 

Seminar 1 

Thesis 5 



21 




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u 

o 

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c 

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3 

00 



en 
O 



c 
a. 
n 
3 



3 



5* 
ffq 



o 
o 




DESCRIPTION OF COURSES. 

F 1. IILKMEXTAKV EOKESTKV. 

..' i'miii llniiis. I ir-sf '!'i rni. I'l-rsli iikiii ) rar. 

A course to gi\e tlic stiulent n bi-oad iiitrodiiclioii to all phases of 
work in t'orestiy, and ol' the relation of forestry to other sciences and 
to the nation's economic life. Text work and field trips in state forest 
are reqnired. ^foon \: Jirown's Elvm'Cniti of Forestry is used as text. 

F 2. ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 

2 Credit Hours. Huooud Trnn, Freshman Ycur. 

The conrse aims to give the student, a through knowledge of 
the distribu-tion of Forests in the Tnited States and the (I:'\'e!(»])iiic!il 
of the foiestry idea in United States and in l*ennsylvania. 

F :{. FOREST MENSl'RATIOX. 

2 Credit Hours. Huininrr He-ssio)i, Fresh m<ni Yenr. 

Introduction to the subject; lectures and licld work on ihe meas 
urenient of felled trees in \arioMs units. 

F 4. FOREST MENSURATION. 

/ Credit Hour. First Term. SopJiiimare )'e(ir 

The course aims to give the student ii through knowledge of 
methods used in measuring Aolumes of single trees, either felled or 
standing, ajid of the deterniinaiion of growl ii and yield. (Iraves' 
Forest .Hensurdfion is tised as text. 

F 5. FOliEST .MENSURATION. 

2 Credit Jfdiir.s. t^unnner Se.'<fiioit, l''re.shmiiii )'<ar. 

This course consists of Held work in measuring stands of timber, 
and sludy of growl h and yield of ? lands, esjR'cially in collecling data 
for a working plan 



24 




Estimating Timber. 




Students Measuring Tree Height with Instruments. 



F (1. SILVICTM/rUinO .V: XI'KSI]KV I'KACTICUM. 

2('i'i<Hl llniirs. Sliii' iiirr -SLSsioi! . I'rt .-ill nniil Y((ir. 

()l»riMliuiis (»ii {hv .Mont Alio Slate I'orcst of I'l^.OOO acres periuit 
studeiils from time to time tliroii<i;lioiit their course, to take part in 
practical iiu'provemeiit, liberation and reproduction cuttings, clean- 
ing and i)rotection of the extensive plantation areas; hut these ac- 
tivities, together witli planting, serve especially to introduce future 
foresters to actual silviculture in the \\<j<!ds. 'JMu' nearliy state forest 
nursei-y of eleven acres under intensive cultivation produces annually 
lMXMI.OOO trees for ref<)restation work. Students take an important 
part in soil i)reparation, seed sowing, iransplanti)ig, cultural and pro- 
tective measures, together with lifting, grading and paicking trees for 
transportation. An instructor and skilled workmen are always present 
to make this work instructive as well as ]>ractical. 

F 7. siL\i("ri/rrui-:, isilvics ok fokmcst iocolocjv, and 

FOREST < IKOGKAPHY ). 

2 Credit Hours. First Trnii,. Junior Year. 

The i>rimary effects of heat, light, wind, moisture and soil upon 
tree growth and distribution are thoroughly discussed; followed by 
the elTects of foiests on climate and soil, the internal struggle of th.e 
stand, site quality assessment, stand description and forest types. 
Application of the basic fact of sihics and dendrology to the actual 
forest is made in a series of lectures in forest geography and physic- 
gi*a])hy ; emltracing a detailed study of the forest regions and types 
of the I'nited Stales and Canada, with a general survey and discus- 
sion of the important forested areas of the world noting in jiartioi- 
lar tiieii- structure, ec(>logy and possibility of economic develop- 
meni. .Many references are used and abstracts required of each stn- 
(h'Ut. Considei able mat<'rial given in the course is derived from 
Schlichs Sliriciilhirc. .Mayr's WdlillxiK, mid l>owman's rarest Phy 
siolo(/ij. 

F S. SILN'KMl/riKlO. ( Si:i:i )| \< 1 AM) I'LAXTIXCi. 

A Credit Nonr.s Seennd 'ii i in , .1 nnior Year. 

Seed protlnction, collection, e.xti'action and storage, nursery work 
and administ I'alion . l>irect seeding and plaulalion establishment. 
Keroresia I ioii pinlilems and jn-ogress ai'c .vimlied in ilir tield 
and a planting |dan prepared for a definite area of denu<led land. 
I'mler trained and skilled supervision, studenis folbiw the trees 
iliiungh each siag<' of nursery piactice, fi-om staking uui iieds to linal 
shipment or planting in llie luiesi. I'rnMcius in nursery maiKig<'nn'nl, 
teclini(pn- and prol(>ction are discussed in detail. Students 
participate in \arious experimental work wliicli is always under 
way, and are gi\cn experience in directing work in nursei-j* and 
planting opiM'ations. Costs are calctilated for work <lone and stock 
pr<»duced ; inventories are made; nursery accouiniug and plantation 
report forms are e\i>laine<l and ".isj'd. Toumey's Siidiii;/ and I'lant 
iny is text used witli siipplriiiintar\" nuirs fiom <ither sources. 

Lit, 



3 

B' 

n 
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n 



H 

n 
n 




n 

e 

3 
Oft? 



OK? 

o 

1-1 
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3 
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P 0. STLVK'T'LTrKK. (SYSTKMS OF XATn^AL KEGEN- 

E RATI ON). 

3 t'rcdil Hours J'irsf 'ICnn, Senior Yair. 

Critical (•()iii]):iiis()ns are made lu'tween ])iir(' and mixed woods, 
bigli and low forest lorms; natural and artificial regeneration; tlie 
silvicnltnral systems; methods of thinning, forest conversion and im- 
provement. Cleanings, liberation and damage cuttings, and treat- 
ment of wood-lots are considered I'roni an experimental as well as 
theoretical and empirical standjjoint. The location of the school 
here where the South Mountains, managed for a century prior to 
their acquisition by the state for continuous yields of charcoal for 
the iron indust!-y, adjoins an extensive agricultural area with scatter- 
ed fariri wood-lois, give it a vast natural outdoor laboratory for sil- 
vicnltnral instruction. This has been improved during the past 
twenty years by the establishment of more than GOO acres of ])lanta- 
tions of many species and upon a vai-iety of sites. ITawloy's Silvi- 
(111 i lire and (ii-ncs" PriiK iiilrs of IhnnU'uKi Woodlands are the texts 
used, A\ith Scliilch's SllriciiH iirr, Mayr's, Wiihllxtu and Traitr Pra- 
iiqiif (!<■ SilriciiH lire In/ .Jolyct as chict' i-efei'ence woi-ks. 



F 10. DKXDlJOLOtJY. 

3 Crcdii Hours F>ccond Term, Sopliomnrc Ycnr. 

A systematic and biological study of the trees of the United States 
and iiiirodiircd species, stressing the important timber producers. 
Special attention is given coniferous sju'cies native to temperate 
climates similar to that of Pennsylvania. Form, distinguishing 
characteristics, reproduction, occurrence and rangi' an* taken up in 
detail, in the first semester tree identification in tlie field is begun 
by a series of bi'ief trips and a collection of winter buds, mounted on 
cards and representing I.IO sjiecies, as retpiired. Keys are worked 
oiil by tiic snub'iils f(u- l)oth w iiitei- and summer use. .\ltout IMH 
important trees of the h>cality are obser\'ed thru-out the year by 
assigned student.s and j)henological data recorded. The growing 
school collection of ])liotos. slides, herbarium mounts ami otliei- dried 
material of the iinporianl forest species adds interest to lecture I'oom 
instruction. in addition to nuniei-oiis icfercuces, texts especially 
followed are: I Hick's J'l niisj/lnniia Trees; Sargent's Manual o/ 
'J'rccs of Xortli A iinriiyi : Hough's JIaiidhool: of 'J'ncs of .\ortli- 
rasl(iii I iiilid »s7f//(\ and Canada: .Mayi's Fri inUind'ischr W'ald 
and I'aric haiunr fur Fiirojir; pnhlical ions of the I'. S. |-'oresl Sei'v 
ice, li\- (iro. r,. Siidwoilli and olln-rsw 



F 11. i»i;.\i»i:(H.()(;v. .tki;i; i DFN'rii'HwnoXi . 

/ I'rcdil Hour Suninicr Session. Suidionion Ycir. 

A field course i inbracing the study of all woody veg('tation iu th'? 
vicinity of Moni .\lto. wlicri' more than ]Ta) species of trees and 



shnib^ are native within a radius of ten miles. Including exotics, 
students are familiarized with about 250 species. The Forest Acade- 
my is so located that it lies within the ranges of many northern and 
southern trees which overlap here, and this naturally advantageous 
siite has been supplemented by an arboretum, containing the more im- 
portant forest trees of the Western U. S. and temperate foreigu 
countries. In addition to many half days spent in adjacent forest 
and fields, during the course all-dciy field-trips are made to the 
Potomac River, North Mountains, Pen Mar and several localities in 
the fertile and Iristoric Cumberland Valley, permitting the study of 
trees under widely varying conditions of growth and habitat. Field 
tests co\'er S(H) to JfOO specimens. Tests used are Illick's Pennsyl- 
vania Trees and Checklist of Trees of FraiikUii County. 



F12. DENDROLOGY. 

S Credit Hours. First Term, Jimior Year. 

Continuation of course (F 10.) 

F 13. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. 

3 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year. 

A general discussion of the morphology, physiology, development 
and classification of insects; the life history of both beneficial and 
injurious species, with special reference to those forms which are of 
economic importance in the forest. Sanderson and Jackson's Ele- 
mentary Entomology is the text used, supplemented by reference to 
various State and National bulletins on insects of economic impor- 
tance. 

F 14. BOTANY, FOREST PATHOLOGY. 

3 Credit Hour>i l^ecoiid Term, Jiniioj- Y-(ir. 

A course considering representative tree diseases caused by cryp- 
l"«>gamic pariisites and sajiropliytes and ])arisitic Howeriiig plants. 
Preventive and remedial measures for checking their damage are 
discussed. Class and laboratory are supplemented by iield exercises. 

Rankin's Tree Diseases is the text used. 



F 15. FOREST PROTECTION. 

2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year. 

Lectures and reference reading covering a com,plete discussion of 
general forest protection with special detailed discussion of protec- 
tion against fire. Special reference is made to Pennsylvania condi- 
tions and actual field work in forest protection is included in the 
course as part of the school work. All students are enrolled in or- 
sraniz-d fire crcwK and take p;n't in the extinction of forest fires on 
the Mont Alto and Michaux Forests. 



21) 



F 1G. FOREST KEdlJ.ATlO^'. 

3 Credit Hours Fir.sf Trnn, tirninr Yrai, 

The bi'oad aiui jjciMicral ])riiK'iplcs of forest iiiiiiia<^('nK'nt arc first 
considered. J^very effort tliru-out the oourse is directed toward tlie 
practical correlation and a^pplication of facts, data and rules derived 
in oilier scientitic and forestry courses. A proper and clear concept 
ul ilic normal or ideal forest w.itli continuous yield and other allri 

butos, is held before the student until eveiT i)hase is firndy grasped. 
The fundamentals of increment, j^rowing stock and aj;e classes are 
studied in detail; then follows the drafting of formulation of felling 
budgets and solution of problems that arise in the effort to attain 
normality upon forest areas with given conditions. (Critical studies 
are made of the various formulae and methods whereby an apjiroxi- 
niation to the nornuil forest may be acLieved. Texts used are Koth's 
Ft/rest h'cf/iilittioii and Kecknagel's Thcori/ and Practice of ForcM 
M'orlcinfi Pl(nif< . 



F 17. FOKEST OKGAXIZATIOX AXJ) WOKKIXd TLAXS. 

-'f Credit Tloiir^ Second Term, Senior Year. 

This course is a continuation of that in Forest llegulation but em- 
bodies more field Avork and takes up geometric, (juantitative and 
qualitative surveys of a specific 'foi-est area, with the theory and prai:- 
tice of forest subdivision aiul stand differentiation. A portion of a 
iState Forest is annually taken up and divided into pei'uuinent coni- 
jtartments for silvicultural and administrative purposes. Careful 
.stock surveys, made in conjiinct ion with the soidiomore class in men- 
suration, furnish a basis for the creation of more or less temporary 
sub-compartments, coextensive with some definite and important stan<l 
condition, such as age, species, density, site or future silvicultural 
ti-eatmcnt. The comi»artment liiu's are demarcated np(»n the ground, 
while the lines of sub-comjjart ments usually are not. \N'orking jtlan 
reports and maps are reipiircd of ea<h student, ami all necessan' fac 
ilities for etiicient work toward this end, such a>^ transportation ami 
technical instrnments. are furnished iiy the school or forest otlicers. 
Kelcrcn«-('s used include Sclilich's F(>r< sf Ma iiOift innif . Kaisei-*s F/mlri- 
lung drr For.stcn ami Wagner's C,ruudl^i<i( n dcr rtiumJichen Ordnnnq 
im W'dldc. 



F 18. FOREST U I STORY. 

2 Credit Hours Second Term, .Jun'uiy Year. 

A course giving more or less detailed information as to devidop- 
ment of forest jjropeiMy. forest conditions, forest investigation, and 
handling of fon-sl jiroperties for limber production in llie i>rincii>al 
countri(>s of the world. Sjtecial attention is given to (b'Velopment of 
forestry in Pennsylvania. l'\'rnow"s History ttf Fonsiry is ust'd as 
a text. 



F19. FOREST ENGINEERING. 

3 Credit Hours First Term, Junior year. 

Principles of forest roads, practical survey and construction. Con- 
struction of trails, bridges, telephone lines, fire towers. 
Logging railroads, grades and curves. 
Finding the flow of springs and streams. 
Roads text — HigJuvaij l^ngineering — (JJiafhiini. 

F 20 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD . 

2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Ye^ir. 

This course aims to acquaint the student with the physical proper- 
ties of wood, the factors that affect them, and the methods giving 
these properties actual values through timber testing. Record's 
Mechanical Properties of Wood is used as text. 



F 21. WOOD IDENTIFICATION. 

1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Junior Year. 

A detailed study of the methods used and practice on actual speci- 
mens of the various important commercial vroods of the United States, 

F 22. LITMHERING. 

Jf Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Year' 

This course aims to sIioav in detail how the products of the forests 
are harvested, and 'prepared for the nuirket. It includes actual Avork 
in the woods and in the manufacture, in a state owned plant, of 
lumber shingles, lath, ties, etc. The text in use is Bryant's Logging. 

F 23. LOGGING AND MILLING. 

Jf Credit Hours Summer Session, Junior Year. 

This course includes a 6-8 weeks tri]:) to a large saw-mill operation 
and includes a study of meihods, costs, 'etc., from stump to car and 
a detailed report on the same. 

F 24. WOOD UTILIZATION. 

^ Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year. 

This course includes a study of the industries that further manu- 
facture the timber and other rough materials removed from the forest 
in lumbering operations. It includes a study of the wood using 
industries of Pennsylvania. The texts used are Brown's "Forest Prod- 
ucts" and Wood Usiufj [ndastrics of Pcnnsii'lvania (Dept. Bulletin 
No, 9). 

31 




A Lesson in Saw Filing. 




Students Making Chestnut Shingles. 



F 25. FOREST ECONOMICS AND POLICY. 

3 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year 

A stud}^ of the social utilities flowing from forests and the, impor- 
tance of forests and forest products in industry. The continuing 
depletion of our forests; the possibilities for continuous production. 
The policy of nations, states and municipalities toward forest projra- 
gation. Government ownership, control and cooperative Ipolicies. 

Lectures. 

F 26. FOREST FINANCE. 

4 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year. 

Forest property from the investment point of view. Calculation 
involving principles of compound interest and annual charges: In- 
terest rate ; net income ; financial maturity ; carrying charges ; meth- 
ods of comparing financial results under different methods) of treat- 
ment; forestry compared with agriculture; forest taxation. Refer- 
ences, Roth's Forest Valuation and Chapman's Forest Valuation. 

F27. FOREST LAWS. 

3 Credit Ho-urs Seeond Term, Senior Year. 

A brief review of the Forest Laws in the U.S. Texts, Kinney on 
Forest and Timber Lair. 

Supplemented by a course of lectures on the powers of forest offi- 
cers as peace officers. 

F 28. FOREST APPRAISAL. 

3 Credit Hours Second Term,, Senior Year. 

The valuation of forest properties ; determination of stumpage val - 
uses ; assessment of forest damage. Lectures. 

F 29. FOREST ADMINISTRATION. 

3 Credit Hours Second Term, Senior Year. 

This course aims to acquaint the student with the principles used 
in the organization of the business administration and personnel to 
care for forest property. The present status and methods used in the 
State Forests, National Forests and Private Forests will be discussed. 
Lectures and reading. 

F30. SEMINAR. 

1 Credit Hour First and Second Term, Senior Year. 

A round table discussion of professional forestry mo^iements, events 
and literature. Includes preparation of papers, reviews and, 
leading discussions. 

33 



F 31. THESIS. 

5 Credit Hours LiM 6 weeks. Senior Year, Second Term. 

Each student will make a special field study of a subject approved 
at the end of the Junior year. These subjects will generally fall un- 
der the heads of transportation, seasoning, preservation, or price 
studies of lumber; timber accounting; sjiecial product studies; sil- 
vicultural or management investigations, etc. 

1. EXCiLISH. 

,) <'r< ilit Jh)iir'< First Term, Freshman Year. 

This couise includes a review of the essei^tials of English gi'ammar. 
the rules for capitalization, punctuation, and business correspond- 
ence. Themes on ))ertinent subjects are rc^quired fret|uently. "Kng- 
lisli Com position in 'llirari/ and Practice'' by Canby and others is 
llic 1e\l used. '■ n oo/ry/'.s- IfaiidhooJ: of Ctini posit inn" is used for 
reference. 

2. ENGLTSII. 

3 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year. 

The whole field of prose and poetical comjjosition is studied in 
general and detail from the standpoint of the three underlying prin- 
ciples governing all good composition, unity, coherence, and ciuphasi^^. 
Themes and other exercises illustrating these principles are required. 
The mechanics of writing are coutiniu'd •)-•. in I']nglish 1. Ke])resen- 
talixc classics are read. 

3. ENCJLISH. 

,9 Credit Hours First Term, SophAnnore Year. 

A brief review of world literature as a whole, followed by a sum- 
man* of English and Anu'rcian liteialnic with particular attention 
given to the study of the scientific writings of .sucli authors as Kooso- 
velt, Muir, Hurrougiis, Thoreau, an<l Eabre. 

4. EXCMSII. 

.9 Credit Hours. Second Term, Sopliomorr Year. 

A conlinualioii of laiglisli .". with emphasis up(tn the encourage 
ment of the stucb'iit to put his Engli.vh into etrective. practical use 
l»y e.\ei'ci>e.s in (h'baiin;;. pultlic speaking, and parliamentary [tracticc. 
Thcnies. 

."). A('(M)rxTiX(;. 

/ Critlil Hour .Junior Y(in\ First Trrnt . 

riinciple.'i of accounting: Single and double entry procedure: 
Diffei'ent kinds of accounts: hepreciation budgets: Accounting an 
api»lic(I to foicsi finances and reconls: I'tMnisylvania Dept. of Fores- 
liy prescribed accounts. I'se of checks, diafls. notes, mortgages. 



t). ECONOMICS. 

4 Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Year. 

Principles of economics, Capital; Labor; Business Organization; 
Money and Banking; Monopoly; Transportation. Taussig's Princi- 
ples of JJeonomics Vols. 1 & 2. 

7. ECONOMICS. 

2 Credit Hours First Term,, Senior Year. 

Continuation of Economics 1, followed by 'a study of Taxation an.d 
Public revenue. 

8. - BUSINESS LAW. 

2 Credit Hours Junior Year, Second Ternt. 

An elementary study of Elements of Business LaAV with speci^J 
reference to contracts, and pi'operty. Huffcut's 77/c Elements of 
Business Law, is the text used. 

9. GAME PROPAGATION. 

2 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year. 

Course of lectures by Specialist from Game Commission. A state 
game preserve located on the school forest is a valuable object lesson 
in game propagation. The school forest now contains hundreds of 
deer and much smaller game. 

10. FISH PROPAGATION. 

2 Credit Hours. Second Term, Senior Year. 

Course of lectures by Specialist from the Fish C'omniission. 

11. BOTANY. 

:/f Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Yea>\ 

Morphology of the Spermatophytes. 

A course specially adapted to the early and fundamental training 
of the forester. It comprises a study of the external and internal 
morpliology and physiology of the six primary parts of the seed bear- 
ing plants. Tree material is used where possible to illustrate the dif- 
ferent parts of tiie plant system. Part 1 of Ganong's "^'A Text-hook 
of Botanij for College!^'' is used. 

12. BOTANY. 

4 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year. 

Evolution of the Plant Kingdom. 

A careful study of the morphology of representative examples a- 
mong the algae, fungi, liverworts, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and 
angiosperms is liursued in the laboratory and in the field. Special 

35 



attention is given to the alternation of generations in the plants stnd- 
ied and in working out their lite liistories, the progression and retro- 
gression of certain organs and phases in jn-oceeding ivom the lower 
to the higher plants are noted. Field tri])s arcy made once a week 
to enable the student to collect and study the plants in iheir natui'ai 
hahitals. I'ai-t - of (ianong's .1 'J'c.rt-boolc of I'oidiiji for Collif/rs 
is used. 



1:J. liOTANY. 

2 Credit Hours 
TaxonoiuA-. 



A comparative study is 



Summer i-ics-iion, Frr.sh)ii(i>i Ycdr 




14. HOTAXV. 

2 Credit Hours. 



Plant Ecology. 



First Term, Sophonwre Year. 



The course deals with the relation of i)lants to their environment. 
First, there is a study of the ecological factors, which in general are 
groujK'd under ]>hysical, climatic and 'oiotic factors. Tliis is followc^l 
by a di.scussioh of succession, the struggle for existence among plants, 
the laws of migi'ation, the analysis of vegetation forms and struc- 
tures, plant formations and societies. 

In the laboratory different members of the ]dant are studied as to 
their speciiil riinctions ami their relation to (MivironnuMit. Tlie stem, 
root, leaf, tlower, etc.. are carefully examined and their (M'ological re- 
lations ])oijited out. 

The I'oi-est Academy isveiy favoi-ably located foi- the field study of 
Plant Fcology. a« a great variety of ]»lant life conditions may bo 
fctiiud in the immediate vicinity of the school. Therefore, stmlent" 
ai-e able to work in the adjoining fields and forests, which is a decid- 
«'d adv;iniage ovei" the studying of phinl life pi-oce.s.ses in the laboi-- 
ator\ . 



:'. Cridil limns. 
(lencl;il ZooloiTV. 



Si'ftmd Trrni, Siii)h(niinrr Ymr. 



In this cours<^ a gj'JM'ral survey is made of the animal kingdom frmn 
the Pi'olozoa lo the ( hord.ila. In tin* l.ib<ualory each student dis- 
sects an animal tyjiieal <d' each jiliylum and makes drawings of the 
]>ai-ts obseivi'd. Jlegner's CnUiqr Zoolnf/lf is the text use<l. 



'M\ 



16. ZOOLOGY. 

2 Credit Hours. First Term, Junior Ye' r. 

A review of cordata Including Mammals and birds indigenous to 
Penna. j, 

17. BOTANY. 

2 Credit Hours. First Term, Junior Year. 

Wood Morphology. 

A study of the microscopic structural features of wood. Eepre- 
sentative type specimens of 'the conifers and broad lea^-ed trees aie 
studied in detail with comioound miscroscopes in order to determin 3 
the occurance, form and structure of tlie wood elements. All struc- 
tural features which are of value in distinguishing the different woods 
are studied under the simple and compound microscope from cross, 
radial and tangential sections of the different woods. Record's 
Identification of the Economic Woods of the United states and Jef 
fre^^'s The Anatomy of Woody Plants are used as texts and referenc.- 

IS. CHEMISTRY. 

3 Credit Hours. First Term, Freshmen Year 

This course comprises a study of the metals and non-metals. Ivec- 
tures and recitations are correlated with laboratory experiments to 
illustrate fundamental facts and general principles. The acquisition 
of a chemical vocabulary and of initiative and 'skill in making obsei*- 
vations receives special emphasis. Kahlenberg's OutUnc of Chemistry 
is used. 

19. CHEMISTRY". 

3 Credit Hours. Second Term, Freshman Year. 

The main outlines and general methods of qualitative and quantita- 
tive analysis are studied. Stress is laid upon the development of 
accuracy and efficiency in method and technique, rather than upon 
the mere acquisition of facts. 

20. CHEMISTRY. 

2 Credit Hours. First Term., Sophomore Year. 

Tlie general outlines of organic chemistiw as a whole are fii'S'u 
studied. Then the, methods of deriving and mianufacturing tlie chem- 
ical products of forest origin are presented. Reports to the class on 
special subjects assigned for experiment or investigation are required 
from time to time. Hart's Organic Chemistry is the text used. Tlie 
reading of Slosson's Cre\%tive Chemistry is required. 

21. TRIGONOMETRY. 

4 Credit Hours, . First Term, Freshman Year. 

The course covers trigonometric analysis, right and ojjlique trian- 
gles, and the use of logarithms and tables. Special stress is laid upon 
the solution of practical problems with accuracy and speed. Right, 
quadrantal and oblique sperical triangles are covered briefly, ein- 

37 



phnsiziiiif the practical application of si)lierical li-ijionoinoti'y. Philips 
and Stron^r's JJhniciits of Tri;/()iif))n('try is followed as a text, b'.it 
l>rohlenis and illusti-ations from oilier authorities are freqiienth' 
taken nji in class and special assignment. 

•_'L'. DKAWIXG. 

1 Credit Jhnir. Second Trrw, Frrsht/inv Yrcr. 

The use of drawing inslrnments. Ix'tterinj^. Tracing. lUne- 
printini;. 

Projections. Drawing of simple constrnction. 

The i)lotting of compass surveys in coordination with Surveying. 

L*::. I' LANE SUIIVEYIXG. 

1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Freshman Year. 

An elementary course intended to clear the way for a<lvance survey- 
ing and imi)rove the students svnse of jiosition and direction in th^ 
woods. It gives tlie student a better grounding for sjunple plots, strip 
surveys, timber cruising and the use of mensuration instruments in 
the summer t(M'm. and second year course in Forest Mensuration. 

Linear measurement i)acing, chain, tajie: c(»mpass surveying 

latitudes and <lei)artures. error of closure and area, calculation; 
Simi)](' 1ra\»'rse-l)oard sketching: Use of aneroid: Use of Abnev 
level. 

L'4. Pi.AXE Sri;VEVlX(J. 

.*i Credit Hours. First 7'er)n, S<)idio)norc Year. 

.\(l\iince(l \\(ii-U. 'I'Ik < lufiiitt rs trun.sil — traverses liy direct angle. 
deflection angle, azimuth methods: Stadia surveying: Meridian deter- 
mination: (Jradienter attachment for road grades: Trigononu'tric 
levelling: Transit for spirit levelling: 

Tin W'l/r /rrr/ -ill precise le\('lling. dillcrential levelling, setting 
stakes to gra<Ie lor road, <lrain and construction work. 

Plane table with telescopic alidade, three i)oint determination, the 
making of a plane table map. 

'I'esiiiig ;iiid adjustment of instrument.^-. I'lolting of field notes, 
maps and ]u-ofiles. 

LT.. Tdi'OdKAriliC srK\"EVI.\(".. 

2 Credit Hours. Second T<riu, So/ihiiion Yiar. 

lai Kcdigli rapid survey, compass, pacing, aneroid: Principal of 
contours. 

(bi .Xcnirale mapping. Triangul.at ion basi- line measurement: 
determination of angles villi methods of reiieiiiior, and s«-ries: Cor 
rellalion ol dilVereiil iiislrumenls for dilVerenl jtarts of a survey. 

38 



26. FOKEST MAP. 

2 Credit Hours. Smihinrr Session., Sophomore Year. 

The coiiHruction of a contour map of 2500 acres of mountain land — 
'field work — drafting — tracing and blue jn-inting. I'ractice for Sur- 
veying 25. 

27. TRUCKS AND MECHANICS. 

2 Credit Hours Fi}-st Term, Freshman Year. 

Tliis course aims to give the student a practical working knowl- 
edge of automobile and truck driving and maintenance through work 
in class I'oom, garage, 'and on the road. Steam Engine, sawmill 
equipment, and telephone work, such as might be encountered in the 
forest are taken up. Frazer & Jones' Motor Vehicles and their En- 
gines is used as reference. 



28. SHOP. ■ 

/ Credit Hour - Second Term, Freshman Year. 

This course aims to give the student a working knowledge of tlie 
tools used in rough coustmction of wood and metal. Active Sliop 
work in making of tenons and joints for wood work, and of important 
phases of black-smithing will be covered. A large Avell liglited work- 
shop, well ecpiipped with the necessary tools will be used for instruc- 
tion. 



29. PHYSICS. 

3 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year. 

This course includes a stndy by observation and experiment of the 
principal phenomena of matter and energy together with an ai^itli- 
cation of general principles to tlie solution of forest problems. Kim- 
ball's College Physics is the text used. 

30. PHYSICS. 

3 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year. 

Continuation of course 29. 

31. METEOROLOGY\ 

2 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year. 

This course introduces the student to scientific methods used in 
determination of the various climatic factors and their relation to 
weatjier changes'. United States weather maps are received daily 
and methods of forecasting explained. IMilham's Meteorology is 
used as text. 



39 



;{!'. CEOLOGY. 

o Credit ff'iiirs Fir.'il Tvnn. fiophoinorr Ynir. 

A course designerl to give an introduction to general geologic prin- 
ciples. Attention is paid particularly to the dynamical, structural; 
and historical geology' of Pennsylvania with reference to the pro- 
cesses involved in the development of the present topographic and the 
soil provinces of the state. Field excursions based on the \ise of 
topographic maps are nuide from time to time. Chamberlain and 
Salisbury \s College Geology is used. 

33. SOILS. 

3 Credit Jfour.s First Term, SophoDinre Yidr. 

This course aims to devebip l»y observation and I'xperiiiient the 
principles governing the properties and numagement of field and 
forest soils. Field work is required to illustrate soil survey methods, 
and to harmonize theory with practice in apjtlication of the conclu- 
sions derived from laboratory experinienis. Students are retjuried 
to report on the analysis of one soil samj^le brought from a typical 
locality near their homes. Soils by Lyon, Fippin, and Buckman is 
the text used. 

34. (JEKMAN. 

2 Cn'lit J I ours I'ir.sf 7\riii, Fresh ))ian Year. 

A course comprising a careful drill in [)ronunciation and the priu- 
ciides of German (Jrammar. .Selected Gernuni texts and Thomas' 
Prdcticul Gennan Grammar are used. 

35. CREWMAN. 

2 Credit Hours Second Term, Frcsh)nan Year. 

Continuation of (34) German with sx'lei-ted texts. 

3(1. GEJ^MA^■. 

2 Credit lloiiif! First Tertn, Soi)}ioiiiore Yrrr. 

('itiiisc ill Scicii I i lir ( Iciiiiaii. (inrc's (leniuiii Srirnee Rnider and 
seh'ctcd texts. 

37. gi:k.man. 

J ('!■( (lit I fours Second Term, Sophomore Year. 

Continuation of preceding course witli sck'cted forestry texts 
Ilausrath's Her Deutsche Wuld is tiic fii-si text used. 



40 



STUDENT REGISTER. 

Glass of 1921. 

Name. Residence. 

Bradley, Tom Oswald, Mercersburg, Pa ^ 

Brouse, Edgar Frederick, Boalsburg, Pa .- 

Clepper, Henry Edward, 542 Locust St., Columbia, Pa.- 

Hou'pt, Richard Ritchey, Mercersburg, Pa . 

Kreamer, George Parfeit, 574 Carey Ave., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. 

Kutz, Donald Bentley, 231 Franklin St., Reading, Pa. 

Lefkof, Emil Alfred, 422 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

Mosch, Walter Fred, Coudersport, Pa . 

Nicholas, Herbert Murray, 538 E. Market St., York, Pa.. 

Shaw, Thomas Edward, '. 207 W. 7th St., Chester, Pa. 

Swingler, William Sherman, 544 Cherry St., Columbia, Pa. 

Shirey, Thaddeus Irwin, 212 S. 16th St., Reading, Pa. 

Taber, William Stone, 725 Wilson St., Williamsport, Pa. 

Glass of 1922 . 

August, WilUam A., 1223 E. Pine St., Mahonoy City, Pa. 

Frontz, Leroy, Allenwood, Pa . 

Lott, Hugh Carlin, Springville, Pa . 

SliuUey, Frederick, 1650 Muhlenberg St., Reading, Pa. 

Soniers, Gayle Hamilton, Ronton, Pa. 

Stott, Calvin Brill, 1608 Perkiomen St., Reading, Pa. 

Yehl, Richard Kuhns, 1531 Hanover Ave., Allentown, Pa. 

Glass of 192 Jf. (Four Year Course) 

Dunmire, Daniel Edward, 240 Unity St., Greensburg, Pa- 

Feuchsel, Charles F., 5213 Baltimore Ave., Phila., Pa. 

Genaux, Charles M . , Shinglehouse-, I*a . 

Geltz, Charles G , , 810 Ridge Ave . , McKeesport, Pa . 

Holtz, Irenus B . , Ashville, Pa . 

Moll, Wilford P., East Greenville, Pa. 

Norris, Thomas G Philipsburg, Pa. 

Schaeffer, Charles H., 419 W. King St., Lancaster, Pa. 

Schlatter, Ernest J., Tunkhannock, Pa. 

Schoen, Paul W., 1127 Division St., Scranton, Pa. 

Glass of 1925. 

Anderson, Hartley Kirtland 4630 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Bowlby, Ir\dng Stickles, 324 S. River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.- 

Carnegie, AVilliam, 1569 Earl St., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 

Eby, Harry G., Washington St., Chambersburg, Pa. 

Forsythe, Howard Yost, 213 Lockhart St., Sayre, Pa. 

Frampton, Samuel R., 1127 East St., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 

Feeman, Abraham, 109 Canal St., Lebanon, Pa.. 

41 



Hughes, Charles Collins, Collegeville, Pa . 

Kerns, Chester Merrill, 220 Allegheny St., Jersey Shore, Pa. 

I^ Due, Edmoud Mont Alto, Pa. 

McNees, Wavne Anthony, 616 9th Ave., New Brighton, Pa. 

Nixon, Eobert Brighton. 2160 N. 19th St., Philadelphia, Pii . 

Pardee, Homer W., 532 Market St., Williamsport, Pa. 

Sebring. Harold Martin 02 S. Sherman Ave. Allen town. Pa. 

Smith, Harry Frederick, 416 Main St., Kingston, Pa. 

Smith, Ralph Wilson, . S Stout St., Pittston, Pa. 

Siipe, Francis Heniy, Somerset, Pa . 

Somers, France.s Wilkinson, • Kenton, Pa. 

Stauffer, Jacob Martin, 43 S. 5th Ave., Coatesville, Pa. 

Wilcox, Ralph F., New Albany, Pa . 

Wood, Cyrus G Mont Alto, Pa. 

Woods, Ignatius I^roy, Marienville, Pa. 



J 2 



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